The History of Palembang : The Establishment of the Palembang Darussalam Sultanate.

 
(Courtesy YouTube)

The Islamic Kingdom of Palembang
The collape of Sriwijaya Kingdom brough about the area came under the control of Majapahit Kingdom in Java. After Majapahit Kingdom replacing Sriwijaya's position, the King Brawijaya V assigned his son Ario Damar (later renamed Aria Dillah) as  Adipati,the Duke of, Majapahit there. After that the position of Majapahit was replaced by Demak Islamic Kingdom under the leadership of Raden Fatah, but when there was a revolution in the Demak Kingdom, a group of  Trenggono descendants led by Ki Gede Sedo Ing Lautan moved to Palembang. 
 
The forerunner of the Palembang Sultanate, the Islamic Kingdom of Palembang, was founded by Kiyai Gede Ing Lautan. He acted as if he were the 'Demak government in exile'.The government center was established in 1588 in the vicinity of Kelurahan 2-Ilir, in what is now the PT Pupuk Sriwijaya complex. Naturally, the location of the palace is quite strategic, and technically it is reinforced by a thick wall of unglen wood and a chop which stretches between Plaju and Kembaro Island, a small island located in the middle of the Musi River. The Palembang Palace he built was called the Kuto Gawang Palace.
 
Ki Gede Ing Suro was successor of the founder of the Islamic kingdom of Palembang, which later became the Sultanate of Palembang Darussalam. Ki Gede Ing Suro is the son of Ki Gede Ing Lautan, one of 24 aristocrats from Demak Sultanate who fled to Palembang, after chaos occurred in the largest Islamic kingdom on the island of Java. This chaos was a long series of history of the largest kingdom in the archipelago, after the Srivijaya kingdom, namely the Majapahit Kingdom.
 

Raden Fatah who was born in Palembang was the son of the last King of Majapahit, namely Brawijaya V. Raden Fatah was born to a Chinese Princess called Putri Champa, after Brawijaya's wife was sent to Palembang and given to Brawijaya's son, Ariodamar or Ario Abdillah or Ario Dillah. When Raden Fatah grew up with Raden Kusen, the son of Ario Dillah and Putri China were sent back to Majapahit. By Brawijaya V, Raden Fatah was ordered to stay in Demak or Bintaro while his other younger brother, Raden Kusen, was appointed as Adipati of Terung.

During the period towards the end of the XV century, Islam on the island of Java became strong. When there was an attack by Muslims against Majapahit, the Hindu royal warrior lost and the King Brawijaya V stepped aside and then died. Thus, the power of Majapahit ended. After the collapse of Majapahit, Sunan Ngampel Denta (the oldest  among Walisongo) appointed Raden Fatah as the King of Java to replace his father. Of course with Islamic government.

Raden Fatah, assisted by the Walisongo, then moved the center of power from Surabaya to Demak while spreading Islam in this area. With the help of the rulers and people in areas that had been separated from Majapahit, including Tuban, Gresik, Jepara, Raden Fatah founded the Islamic Kingdom of Demak around the year 1481. He became the first king with the title Jimbun Ngadur-Rahman Panembahan Palembang Sayidin Panata Agama. Raden Fatah, who died around 1518 AD, was replaced by his son, Pati Unus or Pangeran Sabrang Lor, who died in 1521 AD.

The replacement for Pati Unus was Prince Trenggono (died in 1546M). The death of the third Sultan of Demak was the beginning of the chaos in the Islamic kingdom which had a great influence in the archipelago. The throne was fought over by the Trenggano brothers and their sons. His brother known as Prince Seda Ing Lepen was killed by Trenggono's son, Prince Prawata. The Chaos continued with the murder of Prawata by the son of Prince Seda Ing Lepen, Arya Penangsang or Arya Jipang in 1549 AD.

According to historical records the establishment of Islamic Kingdom in Palembang started since the arrival of some of the sons of kings from Java to Palembang because the Sultan of Pajang attacked Demak. The Trenggono's son-in-law, Prince Kalinyamat was also killed. Arya Penangsang was finally killed by Adiwijaya. Trenggono's son-in-law, known as Jaka Tingkir, the Duke of Pajang's ruler, then moved the center of the kingdom to Pajang. Thus, Demak's rule ended in 1546 after being victorious for 65 years. 

As a result of this crisis, as many as 24 descendants of Sultan Trenggano (descendants of Raden Fatah) moved to Palembang under the leadership of Ki Gede Sido Ing Lautan. The descendants of Prince Trenggono who moved to Palembang  settled in Kuto Gawang, Old Palembang.After Ki Gede Sido Ing Lautan who ruled Palembang died, his son, Ki Gede Ing Suro, was replaced. Since this king had no children, he was succeeded by his brother. Ki Gede Ing Suro Mudo. 

Since the beginning of the reign of Kiyai Geding Sedo Ing Lautan until the time of Pangeran Sedo Ing Rejek, Palembang had not yet had the status of a Sultanate, but entered the territory of the Mataram Kingdom and it was only during the reign of Pangeran Ario Kesumo that Palembang broke ties with the Mataram Kingdom and Prince Ario Kesumo who founded the Palembang Darussalam Sultanate. Prince Ario Kesumo was the First Palembang Sultan with the title Sultan Abdurrahman Kholifatul Mukminin Sayyidul Imam ruled from 1659-1706.

 The ruler of the Islamic Kingdom of Palembang in order are as follows (https://www.indephedia.com):

  • Ario Abdillah ( 1455 - 1486)
  • Prince Sedo Ing Lautan (1547 - 1552)
  • Prince Sedo Ing Suro (1552 - 1573)
  • Princs Sedo Ing Suro Mudo (1573 - 1590)
  • Kiai Mas Adipati (1590 - 1595)
  • Prince Madi Ing Angsoko (1595 - 1629)
  • Prince Madi Alit (1629 - 1630)
  • Prince Sedo Ing Puro (1630 - 1639)
  • Prince Sedo Ing Kenayan (1639 - 1650)
  • Prince Sedo Ing Pesarean (1651 - 1652
  • Prince Sedo Ing Rajek (1652 - 1659).

Benteng Kuto Besak (BKB) built in 1780 by Sultan Muhammad Bahaudin (1776 -1803).

The Palembang Darusaalam Sultanate 

In 1610 the kingdom of Palembang had contact with the VOC. During the reign of Prince Sedo Ing Kenayan, VOC opened a trade representative office in Palembang. However  between 1647-1659 there was a dispute between Palembang and the VOC regarding the monopoly rights to the pepper trade on the Musi River. 

In 1659, the Kuto Gawang Palace became a sea of fire and flattened to the ground by the VOC attack. Pangeran Sido Ing Rejek (1652-1659) escaped. He died in the Indralaya Saka Tiga hamlet. After the destruction of the kingdom of Palembang, then the Sultanate of Palembang Darussalam was born. After obtaining an agreement, the choice fell on Kimas Hindi or Pangeran Candiwalang, the younger brother of Pangeran Sedo Ing Rejek as the next ruler of Palembang.

The Prince established himself as the first Sultan of the Palembang Darussalam Sultanate with the title Khalifatul Mukmin Sayidul Iman. His name was changed to Abdurrahman, a name most favored by Rasulullah SAW. Through this change in title, Pangeran Kimas Hindi was listed as the founder of the Palembang Darussalam Sultanate. After that the tradition of using the names of the kings of Palembang changed from Prince to Sultan, parallel to the Sultan of Mataram on the island of Java. 

The new Palembang Palace was established in Kuto Cerancang, replacing Kuto Gawang which burned down in the war in 1659. In the area of this palace, the Beringin Janggut dalem and the mosque which currently remains of its historical name are called the Lamo Mosque.

Kimas Hindi tried to maintain good relations with the Mataram Sultanate on the island of Java. However, the relationship began to deteriorate when the Hindi Kimas felt Mataram's attitude had begun to change. In 1668, the ruler of Palembang again sent an envoy to Java with an elephant, along with a set of expensive cloths and other offerings. This official envoy was also not accepted by the king of Mataram. Kimas Hindi concluded that Mataram did not need to be respected anymore.

Noting Mataram's political stance, Kimas Hindi decided not to see mutual benefits with Mataram. Ki Mas Hindi made a decision, that it was time for the ideological-cultural relationship to be stopped. Palembang was an independent kingdom, with its own identity. All the tradition and customs changed, keris and Javanese clothes became Malay clothes. The Javanese script was changed to the Malay script (Pegon). The palace language is still using Javanese, but for the people themselves, they already use Palembang Malay.

Establising the Palembang Darussalam Sultanate free of Mataram control, he became the first Sultan. In 1706 he crowned his son the son of Ratu Agung as the second King of Palembang Darussalam with the title Sultan Muhammad Mansur (1706-1714). Then Sultan Muhammad Mansur was replaced by his younger brother, Raden Uju, who was later crowned Sultan Agung Komaruddin Sri Truno (1714-1724). Then he was replaced by his nephew Pangeran Ratu Jayo Wikramo with the title Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin I who ruled from 1724-1758. 

 

Prince Adi Kesumo was the second son of Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin I who was crowned the fifth Sultan of Palembang Darussalam with the title Sultan Ahmad Najamuddin I who ruled from 1758- 1776.Then Sultan Ahmad Najamuddin I was replaced by a crown prince whose title Sultan Muhammad Bahaudin was crowned as the sixth Sultan of Palembang Darussalam who reigned from 1776-1803. Sultan Muhammad Bahaudin was replaced by his eldest son, Raden Hasan Pangeran Ratu with the title Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II as Sultan of PalembangDarussalam the seventh and ruled from 1803-1821.The ten rulers of Palembang Darussalam Sultanate are listed in order as follows (https://kesultananpalembang.id) :

  •  Sultan Ratu Abdurrahman Khalifatul Mukminin Sayyidul Imam (1659 - 1706);
  • Sultan Muhammad Mansyur  Jayo Ing Lago (1706 - 1714);
  • Sultan Agung Komarudin Sri Truno (1714 - 1724); 
  • Sultan Mahmud Badarudin Jayo Wikramo (1724 - 1758);
  • Sultan Ahmad Najamudin Adi Kesumo  (1758 - 1776);
  • Sultan Muhammad Bahaudin (1776 -1803);
  • Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II (1803 - 1821);
  • Sultan Husin Dhiauddin (1813 - 1817);
  • Sultan Ahmad Najamuddin ( 1819 - 1821);

 

Source : https://ikilhojatim.com/berdirinya-kesultanan-palembang-darussalam/

 





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